Contemporary and Alternative

Part B includes the 'contemporary' and 'alternative' approaches to leadership. The contemporary approaches have a more explicit focus on both the leaders and the development of their followers; the three papers in this area demonstrate this subtle shift, covering the nature of charisma, transformational leadership and leader-member exchange. The alternative approaches seem to take a different tack, but demonstrate a blurring of distinctions between approaches. When levels of analysis are taken seriously, narrow approaches that previously focused solely on followers become broader by including leaders and their linkages with followers.